The legal media has lately had a mania for tech headlines. Many commentators claim that tech, especially artificial intelligence (AI), will do something to Big Law. I disagree. Tech more likely will do something in it: incremental change. I start with the case against disruption, then look at four headline-grabbing technologies: AI, Bots, Big Data, and Blockchain.
The Case Against Disruption
By the late 1980s, a few law firms had most of their lawyers using PCs. The market did not reward these early adopters. Nor did it punish late adopters. The same pattern played out for email, the Internet, and social media. Tech did disrupt legal secretaries. But that took an economic crisis and 15 years. Tech has enabled change – for example, the rise of boutiques and clients using alternative providers – but that has not disrupted lawyers or law firms. An even bigger event than tech – the 2008-10 economic crisis – also failed to disrupt Big Law, notwithstanding widespread lay-offs and a few dissolutions. In the aftermath, Big Law faces price pressure and more competition but not disruption. Even with tech, with price pressure, and with clients bringing more work in-house, Big Law prospers as reported by recent Am Law 100 and Altman Weil surveys. With this history, I just don’t see how the new technologies today will be any different than the past.
Artificial Intelligene (AI)
AI screams loudest in Big Law. For example, the news in May of BakerHosteteler going public with using ROSS Intelligence (based on IBM Watson) generated many “Robot Lawyer” stories. Hyperbolic headlines notwithstanding, the impact of AI is limited to four fairly narrow realms.
Machine learning improves contract analytics and powers predictive coding in eDiscovery. The latter says a lot about legal. I saw long ago, from the document review trenches, that machines usually perform better than big teams of humans. Persuading both lawyers and the courts of that, however, has been a decade-plus effort that continues.
Expert systems deliver interactive legal advice for specific legal questions. Several large law firms have recently announced such systems. Building and maintaining them requires much expert lawyer time, which remains an economic disincentive. I worked for a legal expert system company in the late 1990s. It’s taken 15+ years for a few commercial systems to emerge.
Machine learning for answering questions of legal classification. For more on this, see my prior post, Machine Learning (AI) to Answer to Legal Questions: Blue J Legal. It can answer legal questions but, like expert systems, building them seems a big investment. So the business model remains an open question.
Watson benefits from IBM’s PR prowess. My Watson blog posts explain my skepticism in detail. Even ROSS Intelligence talks more about augmentation than replacement. AI disruption proponents should read the scholarly and empirically-based paper, Can Robots Be Lawyers? (Remus and Levy, 30 Dec 2015, SSRN). It concludes the employment impact of AI on lawyers will remain limited for the foreseeable future.
In sum, the case of AI doing something to the legal market is hard to see. And even feeling its impact in via incremental change in legal is taking time, just as prior technologies did.
Bots
Bots have been in the news. They are automated systems that do tasks for consumers, often initiated by text messages. Bots may replace multiple apps on mobile devices. In China, many transactions already take place via bots. A recent TechCrunch headline, Facebook says 10K+ developers are building chatbots…, suggests the level of interest. In legal, Microsoft Assistant General Counsel Dennis Garcia recently wrote that bots could help law departments. (‘Chat Bots’ Provide Opportunity to the Legal Profession, Bloomberg Big Law Business, 28 April 2016). I love the idea but legal bots depend on AI to work. So they are hardly a basis to disrupt the legal market. Furthermore, The Humans Hiding Behind the Chatbots (Bloomberg Tech) points out that many bots are, in fact, powered more by people than machines. Right now, it’s not clear when bots will even do anything in Big Law.
Big Data and Data Science
Big Data was hyped in 2014 and 2015. I believe it holds more immediate promise for lawyers than AI. Firms can use it to analyze costs, forecast potential matter cost over-runs, and spot clients or lawyers who may leave the firm. To date though, we hear more about Big Data from the vendor side (e.g., Lex Machina, Premonition, and FiscalNote). In Big Law, big data analytics is mainly used for eDiscovery. One large firm, however, has hired a data scientist who works with client data sets to solve a host of legal issues. That is the exception, not the rule. I can paint a case for Big Data doing something to the legal market. Clients would have to use it to avoid legal problems. If GCs took up prevention en masse, then we might see demand drop enough to really harm Big Law. This remains hypothetical. But until further notice, look for incremental change in legal. (My #DoLessLaw Tweets and similarly themed blog posts discuss prevention in more detail.)
Blockchain
Blockchain, also much in the press, powers Bitcoin but has potential far beyond cryptocurrencies. It is also the basis for self-enforcing smart contracts. Some say 2016 is to the blockchain what 1994 was to the World Wide Web. The web transformed and disrupted many businesses; so too might the blockchain. The short term impact is likely to be incremental change in Big Law, on the practice side. Many financial institutions are piloting blockchain transactions. Lawyer and regulators are already involved. If pilots move to production, I imagine that will create work for lawyers. Several law firms (e.g. Holland & Knight, Kaye Scholer, and Reed Smith) already have lawyers doing blockchain work. Eventually, deal lawyers may have to learn a new body of law and tech. Though two Australian law firms have run blockchain classes for lawyers, it is early days to say this tech will do anything to Big Law.
Conclusion
Many commentators who forecast (Big) Law disruption seldom explain just how and why it will occur. So I felt the need to bring some sober thinking to what’s actually likely. I hope my conclusions are wrong – that would please me.